Ethical Dilemma: Brain Death

Ethical Dilemma: Brain Death The ethical dilemma is a situation that is common in many places of work including the nurse’s career. These dilemmas are always hard to solve since technically they weigh equally in the eyes of the professional nurses in question (White, 2001). Nursing as a career like any other has diverse ethical dilemmas. This paper aims at describing an ethical dilemma in relation to declaration of brain death by the nurse and refusal of this fact by the patient’s family. The work will entail the definition of ethical dilemma; main moral issues that arose in the scenario given; description of two bioethical principles and giving a view of how they relate to this scenario; explain my personal morality and how it relates to the dilemma of declaration of brain death and finally the conclusion. Ethical Dilemma and How it Affects Nursing According to Ong Yee (2012), ethical dilemma is a situation that needs one to choose one from among two or more morally acceptable options or between equally unacceptable courses of action, whereby one of the choices prevents the selection of the other. Increase in economic stress, advances in medicine, rise in self determination of patients and differing values between patients, their family and health workers, especially nurses are among the many factors that contribute to the frequency and complexity of issues that are ethical in the healthcare. Example of these ethical dilemmas includes truth-telling and disagreement over the management plans. This therefore needs the nurses to be in a good stead so as to be aware of these issues and adopt a suitable approach towards dealing with such dilemmas. In addition, the health care facilities management should have a responsibility to ensure that systems are in place to minimize the occurrence of dilemmas and to ensure that in case it ha ppens, staffs, including nurses, are supported on how to get through the process of resolving dilemmas and conflicts that may arise afterwards. An ethical dilemma can also be a situation or state in which one must select between two or more adoptions that are equally unacceptable, where this is â€Å"Conflict between two or more nursing ethical principles and each solution may contain unpleasant outcomes for one or more involved parties†; and in my case the parties are the bereaved family and the management staff (Miwa et al, 2012). The effect of a brain death and the family refusal scenario may be of great emotional impact of the nurses. Some might even end up losing it all, according the historical findings, but it always appropriate to note that these effects will differ from one nurse to another. The grade to which one feels a dilemma will always differ from each nurse and also differs in terms of the nurses educational background, how much clinical experienced is the nurse and also one’s nursing moral (Miwa et al, 2012). The dilemma consequences are always frustrating and upsetting nurses and more so when one does not have adequate experience dealing with the matter. The suffering that the nurses go through is known as the moral distress (Epstein Delgado 2010). This is meant to happen since the nurses know the ethically correct action to take in reference to the brain death but feels powerless to take the action. This might lead to some nurses leaving their jobs, or even the profession altogether. Main Moral Issues Raised In a situation of ethical dilemma in the declaration of brain death and refusal on the part of the family, the main moral issues include the fact that the family is legally authorized to make decisions in relations to the patient even though they do not have the medical knowhow they desire an action; not declaring the patient brain death thus the patient will still be assumed to be alive and thus treated. On the other hand, the nurse who has the clinical knowledge opposes the idea and is about a desire for action that the patient should be declared clinically and legally dead so that other follow up procedures could be taken (Epstein Delgado 2010). This means that there are two courses of action, both of which can be justified ethically and neither of which is of lesser weight. If the desires of the family are followed, the patient will be in the hospital assumed alive and treated like any other patient. One may ask how beneficial is this to the family and what are the costs of this action? On the other hand, if the desire of the staff is followed, the patient will be declared dead and there is the likely hood of the family feeling abandoned and opinion, neglected thus angry thus would lead to other repercussions like court battles a situation that one would like to avoid due to the costs that come with it (Epstein Delgado 2010). Bioethical Principles According to Crisham (1985), the bioethical principal has evolved over the years with some elements added and others removed until now we have only four broad bioethical principles: beneficence, non-maleficence, justice and autonomy. In this case will discuss autonomy and beneficence. This does not mean they override all other moral considerations, but they are the perfect match for this kind of ethical dilemma. Autonomy Ethics entails the respect for autonomy. This is the principle of permission. In minimal terms, autonomy requires to decide for the as an individual and free from the control of others and with sufficient level of understanding that you will provide a meaningful choice. Autonomous persons should be capable to deliberate a course of action and develop an action plan then implement it. This principle comes with its share of problems, especially when the person is incompetent for our scenario the bereaved family. The issues, therefore, rise since the family is to give informed consent to the declaration of the patient’s brain death. The principle holds that there is a need for competence, disclosure, voluntariness and comprehension when it comes to the informed consent making the declaration even more difficult for our car (Gordon et al, 2011). In relation to the ethical dilemma therefore, there is a need for informed consent from the parents for the declaration to take effect. And the fact that the family denies the declaration simply means they do not consent to it thus rendering it null and void (Gordon et al, 2011). Beneficence This principle requires that we contribute to the welfare of others as an ‘embodiment of the Golden Rule’ (Gordon et al, 2011). This principle can be divided into two: utility and positive beneficence. The positive beneficence principle requires that there is provision of benefits from the moral staff while the utility principle requires that the nurses weigh the benefits and deficits as a means of producing the best result. There is therefore need for a risk benefit analysis. In the scenario of brain death declaration and refusal from family, I will be preventing the ethical losses on part of the health facility by declaring that the patient is brain dead while I will be like issuing a loose statement to the patient’s family. The utility principle, therefore, requires me to weigh the risk associated with the declaration and come up with a sound decision (Gordon et al, 2011). Personal Morality Naturally, I am an empathetic person with great compassion, thus pride myself being a nurse. I always try to put myself in the patients and family shoes and try to understand the situation that they are in. I made great sacrifices on behalf of my career as a nurse and just to see that my role as a nurse is felt in the health facility. I am open and ready to lean in all the environments. I also enjoy socializing and comparing notes with my colleagues to ensure that the product of my decisions is holistic and meet the threshold that is set. My compassion has enabled me to appear friendly for both the patients and their family and friends. I always believe that am suppose to be dedicated to my place of work through hard work and ensuring flexibility whenever need be (White, 2001). The majority of these qualities is what I would call that makes part of me as a nurse if not all and therefore a situation that brings a collision between these qualities and the my occupation as a nurse does not only cause great confusion but perplexes. The scenario of declaring the brain death and refusal of the family is therefore a hard nut to crack on my part. One side of the puzzle is, given the fact that I have been appearing to be the ‘friend’ of the patients and their family members and friends, and such a declaration will make me lose one of the morality that I intend to keep. Compassion is the morality that keeps me going in my career as a nurse (White, 2001). Empathy makes me understand the situation of the family and the pain that they are going through thus making the declaration even harder. On the other hand, a declaration is my duty in place of work. I have to declare that the child is brain dead to ensure me being a benefit to the facility. Failure of which will be like a denial to do an activity which is actually the same reason why I am a nurse. This might lead to results such as being sucked. The declaration of brain death and refusal by the family is therefore an ethical dilemma. This is from the fact that it brings forward the controversy between the two bioethical principles: autonomy and beneficence. It is hard to determine whether to do what one is expected to do in the career or do what one views is right while all this does not solve the solution at hand; this is the scenario that comes with this ethical dilemma. The values of compassion and empathy makes enable one to understand the situation better and feel for the family even more and may end up forgetting his or her role as a nurse. In this case, the declaration of a brain death would be still a great ethical dilemma on part of the nurses if the family is against the declaration. References Beauchamp, T.L. (2011). Making Principlism Practical,Bioethics, 25(6), 301-303. Crisham, P. (1985).Moral: How Can I Do What’s Right? Nursing Management, 16 (3), 42A- 42N. Epstein, E.G., Delgado, S., (Sept 30, 2010) Understanding and Addressing Moral Distress. OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 15(3), Manuscript 1. Gordon, J.S., Rauprich, O. Vollmann, J. (2011). Applying the Four-Principle Approach. Bioethics, 25(6), 293-300. Ham, K. (2004). Principled Thinking: A Comparison of Nursing Students and Experienced Nurses. Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 35(2), 66-73. Miwa, Y., Shizue, M., Masako A. (2012). Ethical Dilemma Factor in Regarding Physical Restraints to Elderly of Female Nurses with the Living Together Experience. International Journal of Clinical Medicine, 3, 328-334. Ong, W. Y., Yee, C. M. , Lee, A. (2012). Ethical Dilemmas in the Care of Cancer Patients near the end of Life. Singapore Medical Journal, 53 (1), 11-6. White, G. (2001). Issues Update: The Code of Ethics for Nurses. The American Journal of Nursing, 101(10), 73-75.

Technology

Today the whole world's image of technology is negative. Author Alex Williams, essay Quality Time, Redefined shows negativity for technology also positive things that technology can do, such as bringing families together. Making relationships stronger between two married couples. Technology can in many ways make families bonds stronger. In the past people would Just write letters to family members who lived far away. Now Technology has improved the life of people. Life has evolved over time with the help of technology.I agree with Alex Williams in how much technology can help families bond stronger closer, also being connected to each other throw many APS, such as Backbone, twitter, emails, testing, also keep. These technology developments help the whole entire world to be more social and connected. Negative sides of technology that people see is how can a small phone can take the focus of someone that they love. Technology can in so many ways have negative sides to it. Making the ey es weaker, making the brain tired. Technology, has many negative sides to it as it has positive sides to it.Many people would disagree on technology on having a positive side. Ms Vary agrees when she says † The family was in the same room, but not together. † (pig. 94) People when using technology get connected into the technology, and can't focus and do multicast while using technology, its kind of like it absorbs your brain cells Just to focus on one task. The culture has changed so much as when people read Just books, and playing bored games at night. Looking at it from one point books are as much focus taking as technology.As many people miss the old culture of America where he whole family sits and talk about how their day was or what are they planning for the next day. Ms. Vary acknowledges, † An evening like that can bring more closeness than a night spent huddling over a board game back in the days of analog. † (pig. 99) Ms. Vary agrees with using tec hnology in a family as everyone would be doing what they wish to. The father would be reading a news paper, the daughter studying, the son playing games. Makes the environment much happier and excited evening for all the family members.In the old days none of the technology excited but bored games books and stories excited where one family ember wither didn't like the bored game or didn't like the story, even though they would have sat throw the evening either listening to a story or playing something that they refuse to like. For example back in my country technology is not as big as it is in the United States, which has made an big impact on the people who live in the United States. When I was younger I remember we never sat at any time of the day and talk about each others daily life or about a sport.Moving to the United States we picked up the American culture, which one of them is having so much technology in he house. We all had our own phones and laptop and pads. I then sudde nly started getting super close to my mom. Testing My mom everything about my day, how everything went throw out my day. Which made me close with my mother until she passed away 4 months ago. â€Å"life keeps going. † a quote explaining how much I adored my mother when I started to know her and all about her childhood and boyfriend problems, which we never would have talked about if we were back in my country, we would Just be helping the moms clean up every mess.Technology has done life much easier for humans, made people have critical thinking about life. Would you want to live in the old world and have no technology Just have some bored people who try to go throw their days? Or have technology which can make life border? Knowing that technology could do Just so much in someone life, that actually makes them emotionally closer with the family, and more involved in their siblings life throw APS, Backbone, Twitter, Keep connecting them to each other no matter what country, ci ty they live in. I am someone who believes technology does not apart families or married couples, it can only make it stronger.Today's culture connections often occur when the participants are miles, or even continents, apart. There are so many communication opportunities provided such as cell phones, laptops, and pads that keeps two couples together or meet in one country and stay in touch. Makes the relationship gets much stronger, by talking everyday about your emotions without worrying about how you look or care what you wear. Being yourself makes the relationship it self become stronger, and a love that is fought for. Alex Williams talks about many different topics in his essay one of them is allegations, and technology.For example Dry. Elevate mentions † Your task to keeping the relationship vital and refreshed is managed togetherness and separateness. Technology could be used as a tool to assist that. † (pig 99) Humans can't be around one person the whole entire t ime, they get bored and start fights and their love goes from being in a healthy relationship to a exotic relationship. Where its all arguments, and not being able to handle seeing each other. Technology is one of the strongest tools that takes a humans focus, and take them to a whole another world.Everybody deeds time to their self, while using technology helps keep the relationship between two couples healthy. Not being around each other all the time or have to be facing one and another, forced to talk about anything to keep the atmosphere comfortable for both couples. Their relationship can also stay very fresh, makes that bond of love stronger and stronger each day, missing someone makes you love them like no other. Dry. Hillman claims † People get up from their laptops, come together on one screen. † (pig. 98) Technology is so big that it has came to a point where people meet horror APS, come together and meet.Different culture different believes, they still come to gether because of a talking bond they have with each other. For example I met my fiance throw Backbone which is an app that you get to meet people throw out the world. My fiance lives in Turkey Istanbul, which is a continent away from me, he can't come and visit the United States because of the wars and they won't give him his Visa. I went to meet him in Istanbul and we already had planned what we wanted to do where to go, we had so much things in common where we found out by talking o each other testing or keep.The only ways we communicate and make sure we are still wanting each other is technology. Seeing him throw the app Keep makes me cherish having him in my life. We see each other once a year, through out the year we keep on using technology to keep us together and not separate, it also gives us our own time to our self to relax and think straight, know if this is the right person or not for you. My question for the people who always think negative about technology is â€Å"h ow can we have a social life when we have no technology in life? How can that alp our associate and make us more open to the real word? Technology can assist to keep the bond stronger between two married or engaged or in a relationship couple. The world needs to change their negative image because there are so many positive things about technology that helped us reach where we are today and where we will be in the future with the technology growth in our lives. Love is a strong word that can't be found easily. Technology allows people to find love all around the world. Cell phones has a huge impact on our life that keeps us in touch with our partners also families.I think technology can grow so much bigger that people will start loving technology, and actually see the bigger picture of how technology helps us stay connected to the real world. As Alex Williams claims in his essay that there are many positive effects of technology that helped and still helps families. In sass people h ad no technology which kind of made them like robots they only knew what they were exposed to around their city. As if now people know so much more about other countries, seeing pictures of beautiful nature gives the hope to a better life and border thinking. Technology Technology is defined as the combination of technique, skills, methods, basic tools and processes that are made use in the production of goods and service. In other terms it is called the ‘science of craft'. While the Global Economy refers to the economy that encompasses the whole world, it is thought as the international exchange of goods and services that's translated in monetary terms. (wikipedia, 15 April 2018). In a vague sight of the contemporary economic history there are two trends in the world economy it suggests: first innovations in technology are uprising to be a significant contributor to economic well-being. Secondly nations in global economy are pointing towards being interdependent and open in a growing way. Innovators from different parts of the world are coming together rapidly, this means that there is no denying that technology has a significant percentage in shaping the global economy.Is technology still fulfilling the role and purpose it was embraced for?In this research I intend to find out whether or not technology is still being regarded as it was when it was first embraced in the earlier times. This is based on how technology has empacted the world economy and its markets. The purpose of technology is clearly judged on how and why it affects the global economy.Before the analysis of how technology Is impacting the world economy it is rather of great importance to first be enlightened even slightly so as to how technology was introduced to economies in different countries comprising of the global or world economy at large. Just as important is also to bear in mind the coming about of economic growth. The History of TechnologyTechnology forms part of a perplexed and diverse body of knowledge and devices through which man in an ongoing way manage to perfect his natural environment. The history of it is rather inclusive of wild and not properly defined. The findings for the complication of the study, dates to the modern time where there is a contrast of technological history than that which as popularized by the story of political and intellectual development. During the nineteenth – twentieth of the human story will be touched on briefly. The Old Stone Age man referred to as the Paleolithic were few and scattered they managed to come up with not much to give them the ability to conquer their environment. Then came the Middle Stone Age referred to as the Mesolithic, they were named this because it was a period of transition between the end of the last ice age an d the early stages and era of human settlement and cultivation. Again there is the Neolithic Man, this is a man emerging from savagery and holds the solution of the basic problems of his environment. He was able to grind, polish and drill his craft of hard stone. However he needed to attain knowledge of metal-working for a greater form of effectiveness in his quest of mastering his environment, this concluded an increase in population.The first use of metals was the day break of civilization as we know it. Relating it to its material aspect the history of civilization is the history of technology. (Thomas P. Hughes, (â€Å"A Short History of Technology: From the Earliest Times to A. D. 1900. T. K. Derry, Trevor I. Williams,† Isis 54, no. 3 (Sep., 1963): 417-418.) With regards to Economic Growth HistoryAfter Adam Smith the focus of classical economics in the 19th century was long term growth. After much findings there was a development of a negative view of it. Upon other findings was the realization that the United States of America in the 19th century was perceived to be growing as a result of its exploitation of other continents that were rich in resources. Resources were found to increase long term growth. Economists then transferred their focus to neoclassical economics in the late 19th century and the early 20th century, which comprises of a closed economy. They developed tasks to thoroughly look at optimizing the use of scarce resources by businesses. The focus was on short-term growth rather than long-term growth. The worldwide depression of 1903, J.M Keynes's aggregate demand management was found as a solution to reduce cyclical fluctuation and leading to unemployment. After putting together Keynes's concept with Neo classical methods of uttermost resource distribution by Paul Samuelson and Sir John Hicks there was a stagflation and low growth exposed its fundamental weakness. Following this unforeseen trends new schools of economics emerged: monetarist, new-classical and supply side etc. new school of economics encouraged much innovativeness with regards to economic trends and technological input for research and development.(Kuznets, (1973)) The above indicates the significance of the introduction of technology in the economy with regards to how it has impacted it and continues to impact it. It is of no doubt that this two are interlinked in more ways than one. However there are quite a number of pros and cons that have emerged in recent years as technological innovations continue to develop. Benefits of technology in the modern day economyThe level and the rate at which economies grow and develop in various markets and countries is interlinked with technological advancement. Technological innovation has helped underdeveloped countries slowly become developing and then ultimately developed. The developing of economies of different countries result in the growth and development of the global economy. Figure 1-3, in R' are a diagram indication of an Isoquant of production function post-technological change. The innovation does not differ regards to labor and capital. However the new production function R indicates how the same output can be achieved through lower levels of labor and capital after technological advancements. (debasish, 2017) Technology helps the economy through job creation. The ICT sector has proved and remains to hold the title of being one of the largest employers. Stats in the U.S have shown that IT jobs are expected to increase by a significant number of 22% in 2020, thus creating about 758800 new jobs. In Australia, the plans of building and operating the newly established Super-Fast National Broadband Network will certify 25,000 jobs per year. The global Technology market is set to increase by 8%, this encompasses creating jobs, salaries and enlarging different services and products.A contribution to the GDP Growth of the Global Economy. Sources from different countries confirm the positive impact of the growth in ICT. A 10% rise in broadband penetration leads to a 1.2% rise in GDP growth in emerging markets. China reflected a 2.5% rise. GDP per capita growth rate goes up to 0,5% globally, while the internet shows a 3,4% overall in other countries. E-commerce is positively affecting the global economy. The emergence of new services and industries. Mobile phones have allowed a lot of of public services to be made known online. Modernization is incorporated with cloud computing. Moldova government found in Eastern Europe was found to be one of the first governments that moved its government IT infrastructure into the cloud launching mobile and e-service for their residents and businesses. Founding research indicates the Facebook to have provided around 182,000 jobs in 2011. Its value aggregated to worth 12 billion and above.Workforce transformation. Newly found â€Å"microwork† spaces, created by companies like ODesk, Amazon and Samasource have assisted to segregate tasks into manageable components which can be outsourced to contract workers. These contractors are usually found in emerging markets. Entrepreneurs have cut costs as a result of microwork. In 2012, ODesk singularly had above 3 million registered contractors doing 1.5 million tasks. Online payment system emerged as a result of this trend.Business Innovation. Over 95% of businesses in OECD countries operate online in some way. The internet brings innovative ways of getting access to customers and also competing for the market share. In past recent years, social media has evolved to be a marketing tool. ICT tools operating inside companies are assisting businesses on streamlining processes and increase efficiency. The eruption of connected devices throughout the globe has allowed new ways for businesses to reach out to their customers in service.(Kvochko, 2013)The stated above benefits or advantages however do not eliminate controversies that also surround technology impacting the global economy. There are prone difficulties and challenges that global societies are surfacing as technological change continues to emerge. As expected with any form of continued evolution and change.Controversies on technologyReliance on Technology. This can be a negative of how technology affects because of of technology has become a basic sphere of need for most if not all modern enterprises, production is impacted a lot by flaws and malfunctions of machines and IT systems. If there could be a disruption of connection, E-commerce business cannot run functionally. On the other hand there is reduced production if a machine suffers technical glitches. The more technological innovations grow, the more they will need highly specialized professionals to rectify or fix them if they malfunction.Loss of Jobs. As with much creation of job opportunities offered by new technology. There is a significant decline in middle class workers who are not in any specialty ad working rather manually. Machinery has in some way replaced human capital and a portion of manual labor. Factory workers have declined and been replaced by high tech machinery which slowly needs more IT supervision that physical help.(Vossos, Tasos. (2017, September 26). Advantages & Disadvantages of Technology in Our Economy. Bizfluent. Retrieved from https://bizfluent.com/info-8373180-advantages-disadvantages-technology-economy.html)Less physical human connection. Online entertainment and social media platforms form a big part of technological advancement. People have taken a liking to rather communicate virtually that physically, from phone calls to texts to sharing pictures if there's a need to ‘see' each other. This in the long run will bring about a vague knowledge of one another in the human form and social connection will be based on how a person wants to be known rather than who they truly are. Other effects with recent finding s are the cause of depression and social attempts by teenagers and young adults who feel they cannot live up to the standards set online. Almost 80% of teenagers and adults are on social media platforms. In contrasting the earlier years of economic growth evolution and technological evolution. The above benefits and controversies mark a not so out of touch difference in the line of the length technology has gone in its development. Meaning it is still focused in more ways than one in bettering the world's economy and markets. It is although inevitable for any implementation to have side effects. CONCLUSION Based on the findings of my research I have concluded that technology in its own has diverted into many spheres from the reason of just being introduced to help man cultivate his natural environment. It has not only helped but also overtaken man greatly in its efficiency and operation. Technological innovations have also been developed to be independent from the directory of man. Which may be the result of the lack of control and concerns as to its negative and controversial effect in the larger and global economy. The solution however that I propose is for the larger economy to go back to the fundamental reasons of why technology was introduced every time a new innovation is made. This will harbor controlled growth of the development of economies also in different countries leading up t a greater impact in the world economy. Countries still needing more technological advancement should be assisted by long advanced economies. This will ensure a greater level of desired impact in th growth of the economy and the global GDP and GDP per capita will rise significantly. Technology Questions to research: Are advertisements aimed at teenagers effective? And, are they ethical? My Response:  Most advertisements aimed at teenagers are effective, but usually are not ethical. Most marketers have many ways of gathering information on teenagers spending habits and what is most important to teens. With this information they’re able to create advertisements that will appeal to most teens and create profit. Many people argue that some or most of these ads aren’t ethical because they will create a problem or insecurity and then give the solution to that problem in the form of their product.Central Idea: The most effective ads show teens using and enjoying a product. The least effective were those that caused an emotional response. A teen’s acceptance of ads varies according to the media platform. The medium with the lowest teen ad acceptance was texting. The â€Å"Teen Advertising Study†, compiled with the help of the University of Massachuset ts, showed that teens were more susceptible to online ads if they could relate to it and if they found it funny.Central Idea: Marketers love teens because they easily spend money on â€Å"luxury† items such as clothing, electronics, and music. They mostly make their purchase decisions independently, have significant influence on family purchases, and companies know that once they have â€Å"branded† a child, they are likely to be customers for life. They reach kids by advertising in magazines, movies, TV shows, and on the internet. Companies get info about kids spending habits from internet â€Å"quizzes† and â€Å"surveys†.Marketers know how to capitalize on important teen issues and anxieties, like body image, peer acceptance, coolness, and need for power. Marketers often use a theme or attitude like sex or alcohol and drug use that seems to raise the  Ã¢â‚¬Å"coolness factor† of their product. Advertising is so effective because it creates insec urities about things such as appearance. Successful ads convince the viewer that they have a problem and then offer the solution, which is the product they’re selling. This gives off the messages that teens aren’t good enough the way they are and many kids unwillingly buy into that message which is causing kids to grow up in the most materialistic society we’ve ever had. Most of the things that are advertised to teens do not promote healthy development.Central Idea: In one year, teens view more than 40,000 ads on TV alone while also being exposed to ads on the internet, in magazines, and in schools. Teens are often the main target for marketers because they are always willing to spend money on the newest â€Å"luxury† items. Teens strive to have the newest electronics, clothing, and other overly advertised items. Marketers know how to target teen issues such as body image, peer pressure, and the need for acceptance. On average, teens are exposed to 3,000 ads per day.Teenagers, on average, spend $155 billion per year on advertised products, also influencing their parents to spend another $200 billion per year. Recent studies have shown tobacco companies use their ads to target teens as young as 13-years-old. Another major advertiser is the alcohol industry, using ads that feature young, attractive people drinking or posing with their beverages. Ads affect teen psychologically by exposing them to ads that suggest they are not what the entertainment business considers attractive. Ads can be harmful to teens by lowering their self-esteem.Children, Adolescents, and Advertising http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/118/6/2563.full Central Idea: Children and teens view 40,000 ads per year on TV alone even though the Children’s Television Act of 1990 limits advertising on children’s programming to 10.5 minutes/hour on weekends and 12 minutes/hour on weekdays. M-rated video games, which are not recommended for children younger than 17-years-old, are frequently advertised in movie theaters, video game magazines, and publications with high youth readership. Young  people see 45% more beer ads and 27% more ads for hard liquor in teen magazines than adults to in their magazines.An increasing number of web sites try to get teens to make direct sales. More than 100 commercial websites promote alcohol products. Most advertisers use techniques that children and teens are more vulnerable to, like product placement in movies and TV shows, action figures, kid’s clubs, and celebrity endorsements. Sex is used in commercials to sell almost anything now. American ads constantly use thin female models, which contribute to the development of self-esteem issues in young girls.Thesis StatementWith marketers aiming their advertisements more towards teens every day, researchers are looking into how effective and ethical these advertisements really are.Outline The Ethics and Effectiveness on Advertising toward Teens Thesis statement: With marketers aiming their advertisements more towards teens every day, researchers are looking into how effective and ethical these advertisements really are.I. Teens are being exposed to advertisements more each day. a. . Companies gather info about teens’ spending habits from internet â€Å"quizzes† and â€Å"surveys†. b. Children and teens view more than 40,000 ads per year on TV alone. c. More than 160 magazines are now targeted towards teens.II. Different factors will make an ad effective. a. Teen’s acceptance of ads depends on the media platform. i. Sponsorships of live events had the highest level of acceptance. ii. Text messaging had the lowest level of acceptance. b. Least effective ads were those that caused an emotional response. III. The advertising strategies marketers use have been shown to be unethical. a. M-rated video games are frequently advertised in movie theaters, video game magazines, and publications with high youth readership b. Young people see 45% more beer ads and 27% more ads for hard liquor in teen magazines than  adults to in their magazines. c. Advertising is so effective because it creates insecurities about things such as appearance. i. American ads constantly use thin female models, which contribute to the development of self-esteem issues in young girls. ii. Gives off the message that teens aren’t good enough the way they are.Body ParagraphsI believe that the advertisements aimed at teens are effective, but unethical. Through a number of research tactics marketers are finding ways to keep up with the ever changing trends in teen culture. With the information they gather they’re able to produce advertisements that ultimately pressure their audience into buying their product. With marketers aiming their advertisements more towards teens every day, researchers are looking into how effective and ethical these advertisements really are. Technology based adverti sements are effective among teens because of how often they are exposed to ads, the ads appeal to their lifestyles, and even sometimes pressure teens into buying their products.Advertisements have rapidly been integrated into the world around us. â€Å"Young people view more than 40 000 ads per year on television alone and increasingly are being exposed to advertising on the Internet, in magazines, and in schools.† (pediatrics.aappublications.org) Teens are heavily influenced by these ads because of how often they are exposed to them. Marketers are gathering information about teens’ spending habits through quizzes and surveys. ‘Teen Advertising Study’, which was compiled in conjunction with the University of Massachusetts, revealed that teens were more susceptible to online advertising if they could relate to it and if they found it funny.† (utalkmarketing.com) With information like this they’re able to determine what type of ads would be effe ctive on the teens of today.Different factors can make an ad effective, such as how they’re viewed and if it’s relatable to their audience. The most effective ads showed teens using and enjoying their product. For example, in this PlayStation 4 Interface commercial, you’re shown teens happy with their product and you’re given a glimpse of some features. This is considered an effective ad because it features the newest upgrade of their product, they’re being shown new features and games, and seeing other teens happy  with the product would give them a positive feeling about having it. This ad also shows both genders enjoying their product, suggesting they support both genders using the PS4. An example of an ineffective ad would be the Microsoft Surface commercial, in this commercial you can see people enjoying their product but you’re not given a look at what their product can do. It’s a fun ad to watch, but it doesn’t provide enough information for a teen to considering buying their product.Lastly, many advertisements aimed at teens have been said to be unethical in order to be effective. Marketers will bring up a problem in their advertisement; this problem might be based on social status, then they will provide a solution in the form of their product. For example, in this Samsung Galaxy S4 commercial you see only younger people using their product while the older people are just learning about this product. This suggests that if you have their product you’d be cool and up to date with the world around you. This ad seems to guilt the target into thinking what they have isn’t good enough and their product would make them cooler.ConclusionIn conclusion, I think advertisements aimed at teens are effective, but unethical. Teens are being exposed to advertisements more each day. Advertisements can be found all around them, in schools, online, through T.V., etc. Marketers are constantly doing r esearch to improve ads to be more appealing to their target audience, teens. Through the information they gather, they can create advertisements that will persuade their audience into buying their product. An effective ad would feature other teens enjoying their product. An effective, but unethical ad, would be an ad that brings up a problem, such as a teen’s social status, and then present a solution in the form of their product.

A Study Of Microfinance In Africa Example For Free - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 18 Words: 5444 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Topics: Africa Essay Study Essay Did you like this example? In first chapter of my work I wo The term microfinance is often used to express loans and other services from providers that identify themselves as microfinance institutions (MFIs). More broadly, microfinance refers to a movement that envisions a world in which low-income households have permanent access to a range of high quality financial services to finance their income-producing activities, build assets, stabilise consumption and protect against risks  [1]  . The main idea of the concept of microfinance is to enable the poorest people in developing countries to gain access to financial services. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Study Of Microfinance In Africa Example For Free" essay for you Create order Microfinance creates financial markets and builds structures in isolated, forgotten regions and some banks are buying off a whole scale of portfolios or numbers of microfinancial institutions nowadays. The muld like to describe the utilization of microfinance in general. In this part I will define the sector of microfinance placing emphasis on MFIs. I would like to outline the situation concerning the microfinance in Sub- Saharan Africa as well. Second chapter of my work will devote to the utilization of microfinance in Asia. Firstly, I will describe economic situation in Asian countries, in general. Then I will sketch out something more about MFIs in Asia. In third and last chapter of my work I will compare MFIs in Africa and Asia via microfinance indicators. I will divide indicators into five core areas which are usually used to measure performance of MFIs. The concept of microfinance is surely a good idea which can be proved by the fact the concept has become one of ma ny priorities of the United Nations and nowadays it is part of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)  [2]  as an instrument for poverty reduction. Moreover, the year 2005 was proclaimed as the International year of Microcredit. In general, the concept of microfinance brings lots of advantages such as the improvement of socio-economic conditions of people in developing countries, new experience and capabilities or the growth and continuity of incomes. On the other hand, there are lots of negative opinions and criticism involving the fact, that microfinance is not for all people. There are countries, where microfinance is determined for people, who have already had their bank accounts or own possession. In their opinion, microfinance is not self-sufficient and it is not possible to sustain it without subsidies. Some people also say that poor people buy themselves a job via microfinance. Microfinance in Africa Africa in general While talking about Africa in general, it is necessary to say that it is the second largest continent and the second most populous continent in the world. According to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Africa had the population of about 964.5 millions in 2007  [3]  . Except of its huge total area or the number of population, there is another feature Africa is usually associated with. The African continent is considered the world ´s poorest continent. High population growth rate, low consumption, indebtedness, low scale of education or health care, problems with AIDS or infant mortality are the biggest problems, African countries have to face to every day. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the proportion of people living on less than $1.25 a day was 51% in 2005  [4]  . In the same year, there were 34 from 50 least developed countries in the world coming from Africa  [5]  . And of course, the situation has not improved so significantly since that. The problem o f extreme poverty that can be found in many African countries has lots of negative impacts such as the fact that every three seconds a child dies of extreme poverty and AIDS, often before their fifth birthday. (The map bellow shows the least developed countries in Africa). Map 1: The Least Developed Countries in the World Coming from Africa in 2005 Source: Measuring Progress in Least Developed Countries: a statistical profile 2006, p. 8. Africa could never solve its problems alone. That is why, lots of states, governmental or non- governmental organizations support the African continent with financial, material and other resources. As far as the European Union (EU) concerned, there was an amount of EUR 4,003 million detached in terms of the Official Development Aid (ODA) devoted to the African continent  [6]  . Within the Tenth European Development Fund covering the period from 2008 to 2013, the European Union provides the amount of EUR 21  966 million to the Afr ican, Caribbean and Pacific countries (ACP). The utilization of microfinance in Africa Concerning small enterprises or most of the poor population in Africa, there is a very limited access and insufficient possibilities to deposit, credit facilities and other financial services which are provided by formal financial institutions. This can be regarded as a very serious problem, considering the fact that poor people represent the largest share of African population and that the informal sector is a very important part of the economy. One of the ways to meet unsatisfied demands for financial services can be the cooperation with MFI. There has been set up a lot of MFIs in Africa, so far. Some of them focus only on providing credit or deposit collection, others concentrate on providing both deposit and credit facilities. Institutions offering microfinance services in Africa are very diverse, including commercial banks, state-owned development banks or postal offices. There are several reasons why poor people appreciate the availability of liquid and secure financial ve hicles for savings. First, such savings help poor farmers to smooth their consumption expenditures between lean and peak harvesting seasons and provide a cushion against income fluctuations caused by exogenous shocks. Second, savings could be used to pay for inputs needed at the start of production processes, and self-finance future investments or leverage supplementary financing for them. Third, saving deposits also provide a convenient vehicle for setting aside money for such costly future events as weddings, childrens education, and funerals  [7]  . Microfinance institutions in Africa According to the Microfinance Information Exchange, there were 195 MFIs  [8]  in Africa in 2008  [9]  . One year before, Magazine Forbes made a survey concerning 50 Top Microfinance Institutions and only 8 from those 50 institutions came from Africa  [10]  . Nevertheless, African microfinance sector has become a dynamic marketplace and the number of borrowers and savers is still increasing. (A following chart shows an increasing tendency in microfinance sector in Africa.) Table 1: Volume Figure Trend Data in Africa in 2007  Year Borrowers (Thousands) Savers (Thousands) Loan Portfolio (USD Mil) Savings (USD Mil) Africa 2006 3,785 5,473 1,32 1,148  2007 4,731 7,177 2,236 1,839  Increase % 25% 31% 69% 60% Central Region 2006 219 350 97 135  2007 213 455 142 232  Increase % -3% 30% 46% 72% Eastern Region 2006 2,061 2,241 554 472  2007 2,628 3,172 1,025 799  Increase % 28% 42% 85% 69% Southern Region 2006 519 694 188 144  2007 767 993 417 254  Increase % 48% 43% 121% 76% Western Region 2006 986 2,189 481 396  2007 1,123 2,557 652 553  Increase % 14% 17% 36% 40% Source: Africa Microfinance Analysis and Benchmarking Report 2008, p. 2. It is necessary to say that the previous chart provides the information about Africa in general. However, there are several differences among particular African regions in both lending and deposit services. As far as the Eastern and Southern regions concerned, there was the greatest growth in both borrowers and savers. Concerning the Central region, there was a  decrease in number of borrowers. On the other hand, West Africa experienced growth, but on a much smaller scale, likely due to much higher penetration rates in this region. While talking about the best ten countries  [11]  with the greatest penetration rate of both borrowers and savers, there were 5 countries located in the West Africa. That indicates the fact, that the microfinance sector is more successful in West Africa than in other regions  [12]  . If we talk about the market involving in stitutions which provide financial services, we can definitely say that there is a highly segmented market with different types of institutions. As an example, banks served most clients in the Southern region, with 81% of the borrowers. NGOs served 13% of clients and non-bank financial intermediaries comprised the remaining 6%. Moreover, each institutional type served different products. On the other hand, deposit taking institutions, such as cooperatives, banks and rural banks, had the broadest outreach in West Africa. In addition, the region serviced twice as many savers as borrowers  [13]  . Sub- Saharan Africa and microfinance As far as Sub-Saharan Africa concerned, there are lots of countries which have included MFIs implicitly or explicitly in their banking legislation, renewed non-banking financial institution legislation or implemented specialized microfinance laws and regulations. Moreover, many countries  [14]  have passed new or revised microfinance legislation or have adopted national microfinance strategies since 2002. There are only a few countries which have not accepted new laws or regulations covering the microfinance sector  [15]  . It is possible to say that the microfinance sector has become much more efficient and successful (not only in Sub-Saharan Africa). One of the main reasons for increasing efficiency is considered placing the supervision of MFIs under the same body that supervises banks and other financial institutions. Talking about Sub-Saharan Africa, there also countries that impose different regulations for different categories of financial institutions (e.g. credit -only institutions, deposit-taking institutions etc). On the other hand, some countries differentiate between institutions only partially or the others make no difference between them. Notwithstanding, governments are focusing their attention on regulating microfinance more. However, their attention on consumer protection is more or less insufficient, in general. Map 2: Microfinance Regulation by Country Source: Africa Microfinance Analysis and Benchmarking Report 2008, p. 4. In 2007, funders had total commitments of $1.76 billion, covering 716 projects in all Sub-Saharan countries. In general, projects were funded from a wide range of funders, though most were non- commercial using public money, less private funds that typically have more of a commercial orientation. Funding within Sub- Saharan Africa is not the same in all its parts. The worst situation concerning funding is in Central and Southern Africa. On the other hand, Eastern Africa and certain countries in Western Africa have much larger number of financial access programs  [16]  . On account of a following chart, there are 3 categories of the financial system, funder ´s activities were distributed in 2007 among. As we can see in the following chart (number 1), the biggest portion belongs to retail institutions. It means that funders preferred retail institution projects to the financial infrastructure (market infrastructure or services such as auditors, rating agencies, information technology, credit bureaus etc.) or to policy environment (interest rate regime, tax issues, national strategies etc.). Most of all policy projects were supported by two or more funders, mostly multilateral or bilateral donors  [17]  . Chart 1: Categories of the Financial System Source: Africa Microfinance Analysis and Benchmarking Report 2008, p. 8. Funders apply different funding instruments such as grants, loans, In-Kind, equity, guarantees and others. Regarding bilateral funders or international NGOs, they mainly preferred grants in 2007, while Development Finance Institutions, private foundations or multilateral funders preferred loans. African MFIs are characterized by their diversification in terms of microfinance models or types of MFIs. Usually MFIs are small; they do not exist for a long time and are dependent in many cases on financial resources of humanitarian organizations. In general, we can say that the microfinance sector in Africa has improved in regul ation, funding, growth or performance so far. Even though, there is still a lot of imperfection. Microfinance in Asia Asia in general Asia is the world ´s largest and most populous continent. In 2007, the total population was about 4029, 3 millions  [18]  . The continent is politically, religiously, culturally or geographically very diverse. From economic point of view, the region is very heterogeneous too. According to the United Nations Development Programme, there are countries with very high human development (Singapore, Hong Kong, Kuwait etc.), with high human development (Bahrain, Oman, Malaysia etc.), with medium human development (Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, India etc.) as well as with low human development (East Timor or Afghanistan). As far as the world ´s least developed countries concerned, there were 15 least developed countries from 50 coming from Asia and Oceania in 2005. Map 3: The Least Developed Countries in the World Coming from Asia and Oceania in 2005 Source: Measuring Progress in Least Developed Countries: a statistical profile 2006, p. 9. While talking about Asia, it is necessary to mention, that there are located three so called BRIC countries- Russia, India and China  [19]  , which are considered as the fast-growing developing economies. According to the document edited by Goldman Sachs from 2003, over the next 50 years, the BRICs economies could become a much larger force than the G6 in US dollar terms on account of GDP growth (Gross Domestic Product), income per capita or currency movements. By 2025, they could account for over half the size of the G6. Of the current G6, only the USA and Japan may be among the six largest economies in US dollar terms in 2050  [20]  . Moreover, except of BRIC countries, it can be also useful to mention newly industrialized countries known as Four Asian Tigers. This term refers to the highly developed economies with rapid industrialization between the early 1960s and 1990s. Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan are considered as Four Asian Tigers. Nowadays, there are other Asian economies ex periencing faster economic transformation (Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia or Thailand etc.). Due to much more favourable economic conditions and situation in many Asian countries, it is possible to say that the position of Asia in the world economy is much better than the African position. Nevertheless, there are still serious problems including economic, political or social problems, Asia has to face up everyday too. That is why, lots of international organization, NGOs and other actors try to help solve those problems by financial, material and other support. Regarding the European Union, in 2008 there was the amount of EUR 1,850 millions detached in terms of ODA to the Asian region  [21]  . The utilization of microfinance in Asia Asia is considered the most developed continent in the world considering the volume of microfinance activities. According to the document Distribution, Growth and Performance of MFIs in Africa, Asia and Latin America  [22]  , Asia accounted for the majority of MFIs, retained the highest volume of savings and credit and served more members than any other continent. Microfinance in Asia dominates the global market with rapid growth and massive scale. In 2007 there were 21 Asian institutions ranked in the Top 50 Microfinance institutions, according to Forbes Magazine. Talking about great developed microfinance sector in Asia including MFIs, it is necessary to mention, that there are quite huge disparities within Asian region. East Asia is generally well served by MFIs. The largest number of members served and the largest distribution of loans and mobilization of savings in terms of Gross National Product (GNP) is found in Bangladesh, Indonesia, Thailand and Vietnam. On the othe r hand, two most populated countries in Asia, India and the People ´s Republic of China have very low outreach, despite a high concentration of the poor regions. Countries such as Afghanistan, Myanmar and Pakistan also have low outreach due to a variety of factors  [23]  . Loan portfolios for microfinance in Asia In 2007, loan portfolios for Asian MFIs grew quickly compared to a global portfolio growth of 50 % in USD terms during the year. As we can see in the following table (number 2), India disposed of the biggest number of MFIs, while Bangladesh had the biggest number of borrowers  [24]  . Table 2: Volume Figure Trend Data in Asia in 2007 MFIs Borrowers (Thousands) Gross Loan Portfolio (USD Millions) Deposits (USD Millions) Afghanistan 14 358 106 5 Bangladesh 28 21699 1680 374 Cambodia 15 802 469 348 China 6 32 13 East Timor 2 14 5 2 India 80 9910 1359 31 Indonesia 33 3712 3558 5728 Laos 1 1 1 Nepal 34 478 81 16 Pakistan 15 1248 143 32 Papua New Guinea 1 7 4 10 Philippines 55 1921 365 222 Samoa 1 4 1 1 Sri Lanka 14 943 263 189 Thailand 2 5 1 Vietnam 12 5788 2203 126 Total 313 46921 10251 7083 Source: Asia Microfinance Analysis and Benchmarking Report 2008, p. 2. Over the period, the gross loan portfolio in Asia grew at more than 60 %, adding 2.4 billion USD for surveyed MFIs. Talking about the share of loan portfolio in South Asia, the biggest portion created Bangladesh with 48% and India with 41%. In the region of East Asia and the Pacific, there was Indonesia with created 64%. Second biggest portion of the share of loan portfolio in this region created Vietnam with 21%  [25]  . Asian MFIs served more than 47 million borrowers, reach ­ing two-thirds of global borrowers. Moreover, the outreach of borrowers, which has been supported by strong lending efficiency as well as high staff productivity, seemed to have similar growth trends across the region. However, South Asian markets displayed higher concentration of outreach in markets than did the markets in East Asia. By contra st, East Asian markets disposed a greater number of small and medium scale service providers and MFIs in this region used to dispose of existing regulatory environments much more. However, there was a notable breadth of outreach gained by MFIs. There was also a lack of access to basic financial services for many potential clients in Asian countries in 2007. Asian MFIs depended mainly on commercial financing. Concerning commercial borrowings, it was provided more than 75 % of new loan funds in 2007, bringing total financing from commercial bor ­rowings to nearly 50 % across both South Asia and East Asia and the Pacific. Commercial debt provided the largest pool of funding for the loan portfolio. Due to positive, stable returns and strong growth opportunities in large markets across, the region attracted new funding for MFIs. Nevertheless, we can say that MFIs funded their lending activity via several forms of debt depending on local markets and legal structure. As we can se e in the following chart (number 2), most institutional types relied on borrowings for debt financing. As far as rural banks concerned, they assembled a huge portion of their obligation directly from their clients through retail deposits  [26]  . Chart 2: Debt Structure in 2007 Source: Asia Microfinance Analysis and Benchmarking Report 2008, p. 6. Returns on assets remained stable across the region, which attracted and retained new funding for portfolio in 2007. There some countries which experienced higher and better returns on assets, such as  Afghanistan or Cambodia. In general, it is possible to say, that the microfinance sector in Asia is considered definitely the best compared to microfinance sectors in different continents and regions. It disposes of admirable scale outreach and tight operating cost. Interest rates are usually very low. There are lot of small MFIs which are very popular with society. That is why Asia offers great opportunities for the e xpansion of existing institutions within the region. Comparison of microfinance in Africa and Asia Microfinance indicators MFIs are usually assessed and compared on account of microfinance indicators. As microfinance indicators are considered e.g. a number of borrowers or savers, return on equity, return on assets, return on investments, yield on portfolio, legislative facilities, risk management, portfolio at risk, current recovery rate, operating expense ratio or cost per client. These indicators can be divided into five core areas for measuring performance of MFIs: outreach (concerning the number of clients served), client poverty level, collection performance (indicating how well the MFI is collecting its loans), financial sustainability (relating to a profitability of the MFI) and efficiency or in other words the ability of the MFI to control its administrative costs. In general, Asia is considered the most developed continent in terms of volume of the activities of MFIs that can be clearly seen in the following part of my work. Outreach As I have already said, the core area outreach concerns about the number of clients or accounts that are active at a given point in time  [27]  . It is much better to use this indicator than the cumulative number of loans made or of clients served during a period because it counts active clients rather than members in order to reflect actual service delivery. The higher the number of clients served is, the better results the MFIs can dispose of. Even though, strong expansion can be sometimes unsustainable, especially during MFIs early years when it needs to design its products and build its systems. According to the publications made by the leading business information provider Microfinance Information Exchange, it is possible to claim that there were much better outreach indicators in Asia than in Africa in 2008. Although, it is necessary to realize that given benchmark results are the results made for groups of institutions peer groups sharing common characteristics such as region of size or operation. Moreover, the results represent an arithmetic mean of the given information. Nevertheless, as we can see, Asia had much higher number of active borrowers as well as the number of deposits on average, in 2008. The reason could that Asia has higher population and lots of people try to solve their problems via microfinance. Moreover, higher percentage create women borrowers which can be connected with the fact that women are more responsible, they take less risks in general and do not leave families. Table 3: Outreach Indicators in Africa and Asia in 2008 (in arithmetic mean )  Number of Active Borrowers Number of Deposits Average Loan Balance per Borrower (US$) Average Deposit Balance per Depositor Percent of Women Borrowers (US$) (%) Africa 33 251 91 063 670 144 58,1 Asia 185 629 135 456 462 278 509 76,9 Source: MicroBanking Bulletin: 2008 Benchmarks. Client poverty level The client poverty level says how poor particular clients of MFIs are. In general, there are several techniques for measuring this level, some of them are quite expensive and complicated, others are simpler, but as yet there has been no widespread agreement on any one of them. Usually, average outstanding balance is used for measuring poverty level, given the gross amount of loans or savings outstanding divided by number of active clients or accounts. Average outstanding balance is related to client poverty, because rich clients are usually not interested in smaller loans. However, low loan sizes do not warrant a poor clientele. Growth in average loan size does not necessarily mean that MFIs are suffering so called mission drift, as well. Funders who want to reach very poor clients should usually seek for institutions which have already been committed to a low-end clientele, rather than trying to encourage higher-end institutions to change their market.  [28] As far as an aver age outstanding balance in Africa and Asia concerned, benchmarks in these two countries were following. In Africa there was an average outstanding balance US$ 653, while in Asia there was a benchmark US$ 469. As I have already said, the indicator expresses poverty level of clients. So, according to given benchmarks for Africa and Asia, there is a lower poverty level in Asia than in Africa which could in accordance with MFIs means that there are poorer clients in Asia seeking for institutions. Collection performance If we want to assess MFIs, it is necessary to report loan collection. Therefore, whenever any measure of loan repayment, delinquency, default or loss is reported, the numerator and denominator of the ratio should be explained precisely  [29]  . There are several indicators which are usually used in context of the area of collection performance. The standard international measure of portfolio quality in banking is portfolio at risk (PAR) beyond a specified number of days. 30 days is considered a common breakpoint. Other MFIs, which do not use PAR indicator because they do not have loan tracking system strong enough should be able to calculate loans at risk (LAR). LAR indicator is considered simpler as it just counts the number of loans (instead of their amount). Moreover, there are alternative indicators such as current recovery rate (CRR) or annual loan- loss rate (ALR). As a rough rule of thumb when dealing with uncollateralized loans, Portfolio or Loans at Risk (30 days or on e payment period) above 10%, or Annual Loan-Loss Rates above 5%, must be reduced quickly or they will spin out of control  [30]  . As we can, there was higher percentage in both indicators portfolio at risk for 30 days (endangered loans which are not repaid after 30 days) and portfolio at risk for 90 days in Africa. It can mean that Africa has much untrustworthy environment in terms of the ability of institutions to gain their lent financial resources. That fact could be caused by inappropriate product setting or inefficient preventive politics of particular institutions. Table 4: Indicators of Collection Performance in 2008 (in arithmetic mean)  Portfolio at Risk 30 Days (%) Portfolio at Risk 90 Days (%) Write-off Ratio (%) Loan Loss Rate (%) Risk Coverage Ratio (%) Africa 7,9 4,4 3,4 2,9 518,8 Asia 5,4 3,4 2,2 2,1 1265,6 Source: MicroBanking Bulletin: 2008 Benchmarks. Financial sustainability (profitability) The area of financial sustainability concerns about the fact, if the MFI is profitable enough to maintain and expand its services without continued injections of subsidized donor funds. Measures which are usually used by banks or commercial institutions to find out the returns of profitability are return on assets (ROA), metering the returns produced for the owners, return on equity (ROE) or other subsidy- adjusted indicators such as financial self-sufficiency (FSS), adjusted return on assets (AROA) and the subsidy dependence index (SDI). Table 5: Indicators of Financial Sustainability in 2008 (in arithmetic mean)  Return on Assets (%) Return on Equity (%) Operational Self-Sufficiency (%) Financial Self-Sufficiency (%) Profit Margin (%) Yield on Gross Portfolio (nominal) (%) Yield on Gross Portfolio (real) (%) Africa 2,9 623,9 111 95 22,8 38,5 28,3 Asia 1 0 112 104 1,4 30,6 22,9 Source: MicroBanking Bulletin: 2008 Benchmarks. According to the previous table, we can see that there is much better situation in terms of ROA indicator in Africa than in Asia (that can be surprising). Based on this indicator, it is possible to claim that African MFIs have better outlook of future development, they are financial healthier and they are able survive in competitive struggle. The reason for better African results could be that African MFIs are overwhelmingly expanding nowadays, even in new areas and they are more able to reach economy of scale (serving more clients with low loans) that can results in higher profits. (Other indicators in the table 5 are just informative.) Efficiency The last but not least core area of indicators is efficiency. It concerns about how well the MFI controls its administrative costs. The most commonly used indicator expresses non-financial expenses as a percentage of the gross loan portfolio (Operating expense ratio). Sometimes, more efficient and preferable alternative instead of the indicator of operating expense ratio is a ratio based on clients served (not amounts loaned). That is why we talk about the cost per client. Table 6: Indicator of Efficiency in 2008 (in arithmetic mean)  Administrative Expense/ Assets (%) Operating Expense/ Loan Portfolio (%) Cost per Borrower (US$) Cost per Loan (US$) Gross Loan Portfolio (US$) Africa 11,3 44,7 190 175 15 839 989 Asia 7 22,8 62 61 30 267 802 Source: MicroBanking Bulletin: 2008 Benchmarks. As we can see, administrative expenses in relation to assets or operating expense relate to loan portfolio are lower in Asia than in Africa. That can be caused by higher number of clients (that leads to the economy of scale when fixed costs are divided into higher number of clients served). More than 40% of operating expense related to loan portfolio means that almost a half of the assets determined for the activity connected with providing loans is used for costs. This fact can very negative influence the sustainability of MFIs. As a solution could be a further expansion to the new markets. As far as cost per borrower or cost per loan concerned, there are higher amounts in Africa too, while gross loan portfolio is almost twice- higher in Asia. Africa and Asia together The sector of microfinance is very dynamic, diverse and becoming more and more important. However, compared to Asian microfinance sector is much newer with less experience. Savings create substantial part of financial services. Clients are usually served by products which are connected with too high costs. Nevertheless, the number of clients borrowing higher amounts has increasing tendency (especially in cities). On the other hand, lots of MFIs lose their clients due to institutional or macroeconomic changes. Negative features are also considered financial sustainability or profitability of MFIs which have too high operational expense due to bad infrastructure or high costs related to skilled labour. Asia is undoubtedly and deservedly considered the most developed continent in terms of the volume of MFIs. There is higher number of active borrowers compared to others continents, higher level of deposits or providing loans. One of many reasons could be the fact that Asia is closel y connected with first forms of modern microfinance. This way of gaining financial resources have become very popular with Asian poor population. Nevertheless, microfinance market which has lots of particularities (compared to other continents) is very uneven. The most MFIs can be traditionally found in Bangladesh, Vietnam or Indonesia. Asian MFIs focus mainly on the poorest population. A very effective instrument could be considered a considerable interest of Asian governments in MFIs with the aim of reducing financial barriers and making microfinance more available for the poorest people. Conclusion As far as my opinion of the concept of microfinance concerned, I consider just the idea as a great way to fight against poverty, although there is a lot of criticism. A bulk of poor households all over the world lack access to institutional financial services due to denying poor clientele for reasons of high risks perceived or insufficient marketable collateral for loans. And thanks to microfinance, lots of poor people can get small loans for setting up their own small business. First forms of modern microfinance are connected with Asia. And it is Asia nowadays, where the microfinance sector is considered the most developed compared to any other continent including Africa. Asian MFIs have much better benchmarks than African MFIs. Although, concerning the ROA indicator which is better in Africa, it possible to say that African MFIs have better outlook of the future development, they are financial healthier and they are able survive in competitive struggle. African microfinance sector is newer compared to Asian sector but it is still developing and expanding very dynamic. There can be seen one of many reasons why Asian microfinance sector is the best. It has longer tradition. Asian MFIs are able to serve poorer clients with products and loans charged by low interest rates. The networks of small MFIs is very dense, MFIs are located near important cities and people do not have to cross long distance to get there (which means that costs for travelling are lower too). On the other hand, African MFIs are very diverse regarding the forms or types of MFIs. They are much more dependent on financial resources of humanitarian organizations, they have higher operational or administrative expense and clients are usually served with microfinance products charged by higher interest rates. However, as I have already said, African microfinance sector is still developing and has a really increasing tendency, that is why it is possible that one day African and Asian mic rofinance sector will be comparable. Sources: [1] Africa Microfinance Analysis and Benchmarking Report 2008 [online]. Microfinance Information Exchange [cited 4th December 2009]. Available: https://www.cgap.org/gm/document-1.9.9035/Africa%20Report%20Final%20Copy.pdf [2] Annual Report: On the European Community ´s Development and External Assistance Policies and their Implementation in 2008 [online]. Brussels: European Commission [cited 5th December 2009]. Available: https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/multimedia/publications/documents/annual- reports/europeaid_annual_report_2009_en.pdf [3] Asia Microfinance Analysis and Benchmarking Report 2008 [online]. Microfinance Information Exchange [cited 5th December 2009]. Available: https://themix.org/sites/default/files/2008%20Asia%20Microfinance%20Analysis%20Benchmarking%20Report.pdf [4] BASU A., BLAVY R., YULEK M. Microfinance in Africa: Experience and Lessons from Selected African Countries [online]. Washington: Interna tional Monetary Fund [cited 2nd December 2009]. Available: https://www.insme.org/documenti/wp04174.pdf [5] Core Performance Indicators for Microfinance [online]. United Nations Capital Development Fund [cited 8th December 2009]. Available: https://www.uncdf.org/english/microfinance/uploads/evaluations/Core%20IndicatorsUNPD%20version.pdf [6] Dreaming with BRICs: The Path to 2050 [online]. GOLDMAN SACHS. Updated 1st October 2003 [cited 4th December 2009]. Available: https://www2.goldmansachs.com/ideas/brics/book/99-dreaming.pdf [7] European Development Fund [online]. Europa.eu. Updated 14th June 2007 [cited 3rd December 2009]. Available: https://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/development/overseas_countries_territories/r12102_en.htm [8] Human Development Report 2009 [online]. New York: United Nations Development Programme [cited 1st December 2009]. Available: https://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2009/ [9] LAPENU, C., ZELLER, M. Distribution, Growth and Perfor mance of Microfinance Institutions in Africa, Asia and Latin America [online]. Washington D. C.: International Food Policy Research Institute [cited 5th December 2009]. Available: https://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/fcndp114.pdf [10] Measuring Progress in Least Developed Countries: a statistical profile 2006 [online]. New York: The United Nations Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and the Small Island Developing States [cited 1st December 2009]. Available: https://www.unohrlls.org/UserFiles/File/Publications/progress%20in%20LDCs.pdf [11] MicroBanking Bulletin: 2008 Benchmarks [online]. Microfinance Information Exchange [cited 9th December 2009]. Available: htt://www.themix.org/publications/2008-mfi-benchmarks [12] Microfinance [online]. My Electronic Loan Exchange Network [cited 1st December 2009]. Available: https://www.myelen.com/myelen/Pages/Static/Microfinance/Introduction.jsf [13] Sub- Saharan Africa Policy Mapping August 2008 [online]. Washington D.C.: Consultative Group to Assist the Poorest [cited 4th December 2009]. Available: www.cgap.org/p/site/c/template.rc/1.26.3801 [14] The 2008 MFI Benchmarks [online]. Microfinance Information Exchange [cited 3rd December 2009]. Available: https://www.themix.org/publications/2008-mfi-benchmarks [15] The Millennium Development Goals Report 2009 [online]. New York: United Nations [cited 2nd December 2009]. Available: https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/MDG_Report_2009_ENG.pdf [16] The 50 Top Microfinance Institutions [online]. Forbes [cited 3rd December 2009]. Available: https://www.forbes.com/2007/12/20/microfinance-philanthropy-credit-biz-cz_ms_1220microfinance_table.html [17] WEISS, J., MONTGOMERY, H., KURMANALIEVA, E. Microfinance and Poverty Reduction in Asia: What is the Evidence? [online]. ADB Institute [cited 5th December 2009]. Available: https://www.adbi.org/files/2003.rps53.microfinan ce.poverty.pdf [18] What is Microfinance? [online]. Microfinance Gateway [cited 1st December 2009]. Available: https://www.microfinancegateway.org/p/site/m/template.rc/1.26.9183/

Paso a paso de planilla I-130 para pedir a familiar

Ciudadanos y residentes permanentes pueden iniciar el trà ¡mite de solicitar la tarjeta de residencia para sus familiares con el envà ­o del formulario I-130 al Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a (USCIS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s).  ¿Dà ³nde obtener el formulario I-130?  ¿Lo hay en espaà ±ol? El I-130 Petition for Alien Relative puede descargarse gratis directamente de la pà ¡gina oficial de USCIS. El formulario està ¡ disponible solamente en inglà ©s y por eso en este artà ­culo sobre cà ³mo llenar paso a poso el I-130 se traducen sus preguntas al espaà ±ol. Despuà ©s de descargar el formulario, puede imprimirse y llenarse a mano en letras mayà ºsculas y tinta negra o se puede abrir en la computadora, llenarlo y posteriormente imprimirlo para firmarlo a mano y enviarlo. Dejar en blanco las preguntas que no son relevantes para la peticià ³n. El I-130 en la actualidad està ¡ conformado por 12 pà ¡ginas, las cuales està ¡n divididas en nueve partes. Part 1. Relationship/Parte 1. Relacià ³n El formulario I-130 comienza con una parte denominada For USCIS Use Only. Es para uso administrativo. No debe escribirse nada en ella. A continuacià ³n està ¡ la seccià ³n To be completed by an attorney or accredited representative. Esta parte solamente se llena si el ciudadano o el residente que pide a un familiar emplea los servicios de un abogado o de un representante acreditado. En este caso, son estos profesionales los que deben completar esta seccià ³n. Justo debajo del aviso START HERE –comience aquà ­Ã¢â‚¬â€œ aparece el primer bloque de preguntas. Debe ser completado por el ciudadano o el residente que pide a su familiar y que, en el lenguaje migratorio se conoce como peticionario. La persona para la que se piden los papeles se conoce como beneficiario. Pregunta 1 Se le pregunta al peticionario quà © le es el beneficiario: cà ³nyuge, progenitor, hermano/a o hijo/a. Solamente se puede marcar una casilla. Pregunta 2 Solo debe contestarse si se està ¡ pidiendo al padre, a la madre o a un hijo. Debe marcarse una casilla: marcar la primera si el beneficiario es padre/madre/hijo biolà ³gico del peticionario dentro de un matrimonio.marcar la segunda si se pide hijastros/padrastros o madrastrasmarcar la tercera si el beneficiario es padre/madre/hijo biolà ³gico del peticionario fuera de un matrimoniomarcar la cuarta si la relacià ³n es por adopcià ³n Pregunta 3 Solo debe contestarse si se està ¡ pidiendo a un hermano/a. Debe responderse si la relacià ³n es por adopcià ³n o no. Pregunta 4 El peticionario debe responder afirmativamente o negativamente a la pregunta de si obtuvo la residencia permanente o la ciudadanà ­a por adopcià ³n. Part 2. Information About You (Petitioner)/ Parte 2 Informacià ³n sobre ti (Peticionario) Pregunta 1 El peticionario debe escribir su Nà ºmero de Extranjero, si lo tuviera. Si es residente, està ¡ seà ±alado en su tarjeta green card. Pregunta 2 El peticionario debe seà ±alar su nà ºmero de cuenta online con USCIS, si lo tuviera. Pregunta 3 El peticionario debe escribir su Nà ºmero del Seguro Social. Pregunta 4 Bajo la seccià ³n Your Full Name (Su nombre completo) debe responderse de la siguiente manera: 4.a. apellidos o apellidos4.b. primer nombre4.c segundo nombre (si se tiene) Pà ¡gina 2 del formulario I-130 Seccià ³n Other Names Used (if any) (Otros nombres usados, si alguno) El peticionario debe incluir todos los nombres o sobrenombres que haya utilizado en el pasado, tanto legalmente como pà ºblicamente en: Pregunta 5 5.a. el apellido o apellidos5.b. el primer nombre5.c. el segundo nombre, si se hubiera tenido Seccià ³n Other Information (Otra Informacià ³n) Pregunta 6 Ciudad o pueblo de nacimiento Pregunta 7 Paà ­s de nacimiento Pregunta 8 Fecha de nacimiento. Debe escribirse primero los dà ­gitos del mes, seguidos de los de dà ­a y, por à ºltimo, los del aà ±o. Asà ­, si la fecha de nacimiento es el 18 de enero de 1965 debe escribirse 01/18/1965. Pregunta 9 Marcar la casilla correspondiente al sexo del peticionario, Male, si es varà ³n y Female, si es mujer. Seccià ³n Mailing Address (Direccià ³n de Correo fà ­sico) Pregunta 10 10.a In Care of Name, nombre de la persona que recibe el correo. Puede ser peticionario u otra10.b. Calle y Nà ºmero10.c. Nà ºmero de apartamento o piso10.d. Ciudad10.e. Estado 10.f. Cà ³digo Postal de EE.UU.10.g. Provincia (solo para domicilios fuera de EE.UU.)10.h. Cà ³digo postal (solo para domicilios fuera de EE.UU.)10.i. Paà ­s10.j. Debe contestarse sà ­ o no a la pregunta si la direccià ³n de correo es la misma en la que se vive en la actualidad. Seccià ³n Address History (Historia de domicilio) Debe notificarse los domicilios de los à ºltimos 5 aà ±os, tanto en Estados Unidos como en otros paà ­ses. Sub-categorà ­a Physical Address 1 Preguntas 12a –12h Direccià ³n en la que se reside actualmente, respondiendo a las preguntas de 12.a a 12.h. Pregunta 13.a Anotar desde cuà ¡ndo se reside en dicho domicilio. Sub-categorà ­a Physical Address 2 Preguntas 14.a – 14.h. Direccià ³n anterior, si la hubiera habido en los à ºltimos cinco aà ±os. Preguntas 15.a y 15.b Fechas de inicio y fin de residencia en ese domicilio. Si se hubiera vivido en mà ¡s lugares durante ese tiempo, podrà ¡ anotarse al final del formulario I-130. Seccià ³n Your Marital Information (Su informacià ³n marital) Pregunta 16 Seà ±alar cuà ¡ntas veces ha estado casado el peticionario Pregunta 17 Responder a las siguientes opciones, eligiendo solo una: Single, Never Married, es decir, solteroMarried, es decir, casadoDivorciadoWidowed, es decir, viudoSeparadoAnnulled, es decir, anulado Pà ¡gina 3 del formulario I-130 Pregunta 18 Fecha de celebracià ³n del matrimonio actual. Si es que el peticionario està ¡ en estos momentos casado. Seccià ³n Place of Your Current Marriage (if married) (Lugar de su matrimonio actual, si casado) Pregunta 19 19.a Lugar o ciudad en la que se celebrà ³ el matrimonio19.b. El estado19.c. La provincia (solo en algunos paà ­ses)19.d. El paà ­s Seccià ³n Names of All Your Spouses (if any). Nombres de todos los cà ³nyuges (si alguno) Debe anotarse el nombre del cà ³nyuge actual y, tambià ©n, de todos los que se ha tenido anteriormente, si ese es el caso. Subcategorà ­a Spouse 1 Registrar los datos del cà ³nyuge actual. si se està ¡ casado, y en caso contrario, el del cà ³nyuge que se tuvo anteriormente. Pregunta 20 20.a. Family Name, apellido o apellidos del esposo/a20.b. Given Name, su primer nombre20.c. Middle Name, segundo nombre, si lo tuviera Pregunta 21 Fecha en la que el matrimonio terminà ³, si ese es el caso. El matrimonio puede haber acabado por divorcio, anulacià ³n o viudedad. Bajo la sub-categorà ­a Spouse 2 se brinda espacio para registrar matrimonios previos, si los hubiera, debià ©ndose contestar de las preguntas 22.a a la 23 al igual que en la sub-categorà ­a anterior de Spouse 1. Seccià ³n Information About Your Parents (Informacià ³n sobre sus padres) Informacià ³n sobre los padres del peticionario, es decir, sobre los padres del ciudadano o del residente que pide a su familiar. En la sub-categorà ­a Parents 1 Information se escriben los datos del padre o de la madre. Pregunta 24 24.a.Family Name: apellido o apellidos24.b.Given Name: su nombre24.c. Middle Name: segundo nombre, si lo tiene Pregunta 25 Fecha de nacimiento del progenitor Pregunta 26 Marcar la casilla Male, en el caso del padre o de Female para la madre. Pregunta 27 Paà ­s de nacimiento del progenitor Pregunta 28 Ciudad o pueblo de residencia Pregunta 29 Paà ­s de residencia En la siguiente sub-categorà ­a Parents 2 Information debe contestarse en las preguntas 30a – 35 a la misma informacià ³n que en el apartado anterior, pero en relacià ³n al otro progenitor. Seccià ³n Additional Information About You (petitioner). (Informacià ³n adicional sobre usted, peticionario) Pregunta 36 Debe marcarse una à ºnica casilla, siendo las opciones Ciudadano (U.S. Citizen) o residente permanente (lawful permanent resident) Solo si se ha contestado que se es ciudadano estadounidense deben contestarse las preguntas 37 a 39c. Los residentes deben saltar a la pregunta 40. Pregunta 37 Solo para ciudadanos. Debe marcarse una casilla para indicar cà ³mo se adquirià ³ la ciudadanà ­a estadounidense. Las opciones son: nacimiento en EE.UU., naturalizacià ³n o por los padres. Pregunta 38 Contestarse afirmativamente si se ha obtenido un Certificado de Ciudadanà ­a o un Certificado de Naturalizacià ³n. En caso contrario, marcar No. Pregunta 39 Si se ha contestado Sà ­ en la pregunta anterior, responder a: 39.a nà ºmero del certificado39.b, el lugar en el que fue emitido39.c, la fecha de la emisià ³n. Pà ¡gina 4 del formulario I-130 Las preguntas siguientes, de la 40a a la 41 solo deben ser completadas por residentes permanentes. Pregunta 40 Solo para residentes En la 40.a, se pregunta la Clase de admisià ³n. Esto es la categorà ­a que las autoridades migratorias dan a migrantes que se convierten en residentes. Puede encontrarse en su tarjeta de residencia permanente. Aparece como un cà ³digo de tres caracteres bajo la palabra categorà ­a, pudiendo estar compuesto por una o dos letras y un nà ºmero. En la 40.b, Fecha de admisià ³n. Està ¡ consignada en la tarjeta de residencia siendo la fecha que se seà ±ala despuà ©s de la frase Resident Since. En la 40.c Lugar de admisià ³n. Las antiguas tarjetas de residencia consignaban esta informacià ³n, pero no las nuevas. Si se obtuvo la residencia mediante un ajuste de estatus, escribir la oficina de USCIS que llevà ³ el caso. Si se ingresà ³ a EE.UU. con una visa de inmigrante, escribir el lugar por dà ³nde se entrà ³ por primera vez. 40.d el estado del lugar de la admisià ³n Pregunta 41 41.pregunta si se obtuvo la residencia permanente por matrimonio con un ciudadano o con otro residente. Debe marcarse la casilla de Sà ­ o la de No. Seccià ³n es Employment History/Historial de empleo Debe consignarse todos los lugares en los que se ha trabajado en los à ºltimos cinco aà ±os, tanto en Estados Unidos como en otro paà ­s. Debe comenzarse por el empleo actual. Sub-categorà ­a Empleador 1 Pregunta 42 Nombre de empleador o compaà ±Ãƒ ­a. Si no se tiene, contestar UNEMPLOYED Pregunta 43 43.a a 43.h se refieren a la direccià ³n del empleador Pregunta 44 Ocupacià ³n que se desempeà ±a. Pregunta 45 45.a la fecha de inicio de desempeà ±o en esa empresa y en la 45.b, la de finalizacià ³n, si es que en estos momentos se està ¡ desempleado. Sub-categorà ­a Empleador 2. Las preguntas 46 a 49.b solo se deben llenar si se ha tenido mà ¡s de un empleador en los à ºltimos cinco aà ±os. Si se ha tenido mà ¡s de dos, al final del formulario I-130 podrà ¡ aà ±adirse esa informacià ³n adicional. Part.3 Biographic Information/Informacià ³n biogrà ¡fica Esta parte sigue refirià ©ndose a informacià ³n sobre el peticionario, es decir, el ciudadano o el residente que pide los papeles para su familiar. Pregunta 1 Grupo à ©tnico. Marcar solo una casilla. Hispano o Latino o No. Pregunta 2 Raza. Se dan varias opciones, se puede elegir todas las que se consideren adecuadas Pregunta 3 Altura, en pies y pulgadas Pregunta 4 Peso, en libras. Pregunta 5 Color de ojos. Se dan varias opciones, elegir solo una. Pà ¡gina 5 donde inicialmente se sigue con la Parte 3 Informacià ³n Biogrà ¡fica. Pà ¡gina 5 del formulario I-130 Pregunta 6 Color del pelo. De todas las opciones, marcar solamente una. Ademà ¡s, da la opcià ³n de elegir calvo (bald) Part.4 Information About Beneficiary. (Parte 4 Informacià ³n sobre el beneficiario) En esta parte se refiere al informacià ³n sobre el beneficiario, es decir, la persona para la que se piden los papeles para la tarjeta de residencia permanente. Pregunta 1 Nà ºmero de Alien Registration Number, si lo tuviera Pregunta 2 Nà ºmero de cuenta online con USCIS, si lo tuviera Pregunta 3 Nà ºmero del Seguro Social, si lo tuviera Dependiendo del caso, es posible que el beneficiario no tenga ninguno de esos nà ºmeros. Por ejemplo, si nunca ha estado en EE.UU. Seccià ³n Beneficary's Full Name. Se identifica al beneficiario para el que se piden los papeles. Pregunta 4 4.a Apellido o apellidos4.b Nombre4.c. Segundo nombre, si lo tiene Seccià ³n Other Names Used (if any) Solo si el beneficiario ha utilizado otros nombres, legalmente o pà ºblicamente. Pregunta 5 4.a Apellido o apellidos4.b Nombre4.c. Segundo nombre, si lo tiene Seccià ³n Other Information About Beneficiary Pregunta 6 Pueblo o ciudad de nacimiento del beneficiario Pregunta 7 Paà ­s de nacimiento Pregunta 8 Fecha de nacimiento Pregunta 9 Marcar la casilla que corresponda con su sexo. Pregunta 10 A la pregunta de si previamente alguien ha presentado una solicitud para pedir papeles para el beneficiario, marcar Sà ­, No, o Desconocido (unknown). Solamente se debe contestar desconocido si realmente no lo saben ni el peticionario ni el beneficiario. Seccià ³n Beneficiary's Physical Address. (Direccià ³n fà ­sica del beneficiario) Pregunta 11 En las preguntas 11.a a 11.h, se debe escribir la direccià ³n fà ­sica del beneficiario. Si es fuera de Estados Unidos y reside en una direccià ³n sin nà ºmero o en una calle sin nombre, pueden dejarse sin responder las preguntas 11.a y 11.b. Seccià ³n Other Address and Contact Information. (Otra direccià ³n e informacià ³n de contacto). Pregunta 12 En 12.a a 12.e, anotar la direccià ³n donde el beneficiario va a vivir en EE.UU. Si coincide con la que ha puesto como su direccià ³n actual en las preguntas 11.a y 11.b, simplemente escribir SAME Pregunta 13 Completar solo si el beneficiario reside fuera de EE.UU.. Escribir en las preguntas 13.a a 13.f la direccià ³n en la que desea recibir notificaciones. Sin embargo, si es la misma direccià ³n que la consignada en las preguntas 11.a a 11.h., simplemente anotar SAME. Pregunta 14 Nà ºmero de telà ©fono de dà ­a del beneficiario (si lo tiene). Pà ¡gina 6 del I-130 Pregunta 15 Telà ©fono celular del beneficiario, si lo tiene Pregunta 16 Correo electrà ³nico, si lo tiene Seccià ³n Beneficiarys Marital Information. (Informacià ³n matrimonial sobre el beneficiario). Pregunta 17  ¿Cuà ¡ntas veces ha estado casado el beneficiario? Pregunta 18 Estado civil actual del beneficiario. Debe marcarse una de las siguientes opciones: soltero, nunca casadocasadodivorciadoviudoseparadoanulado Pregunta 19 Fecha de celebracià ³n del matrimonio, si es que el beneficiario està ¡ actualmente casado. Seccià ³n Place of Beneficiarys Current Marriage. (Lugar del matrimonio actual del beneficiario, si es que està ¡ casado). Pregunta 20 20.a. Lugar de celebracià ³n del matrimonio20.b. Estado20.c. Provincia20.d. Paà ­s Cabe destacar que todos los matrimonios celebrados legalmente en el extranjero tienen validez dentro de Estados Unidos. Seccià ³n Names of Beneficiarys spouses (if any). (Nombres de los cà ³nyuges del beneficiario, si tiene alguno). En la sub-categorà ­a Spouse 1, se consigna los datos sobre el cà ³nyuge actual, o el mà ¡s reciente en tiempo. Pregunta 21 21.a. Apellido o apellidos21.b. Nombre21.c. Segundo nombre, si lo tuviera Pregunta 22 Fecha en la que acabà ³ el matrimonio, si ese es el caso. El matrimonio puede haber terminado por divorcio, anulacià ³n o viudedad. Sub-categorà ­a Spouse 2 Preguntas 23 y 24 Se da espacio para registrar los datos de un cà ³nyuge anterior, la estructura, en las preguntas 23.a a 24, es exactamente la misma que en la de las preguntas 21.a a 22. Seccià ³n Information About Beneficiary's Family. (Informacià ³n sobre la familia del beneficiario). Se pide informacià ³n sobre la persona con la que està ¡ casada el beneficiario, si ese es el caso, y sobre todos los hijos del beneficiario, si es que los tiene. Por lo tanto, si el beneficiario no tiene ni cà ³nyuge ni hijos se debe saltar esta seccià ³n. En la sub-categorà ­a Person 1 (persona 1, en espaà ±ol), la informacià ³n que se pide es la siguiente: Pregunta 25 25.a. Apellido o apellidos25.b. Nombre25.c. Segundo nombre, si lo tuviera Pregunta 26 Relacià ³n. Se refiere al và ­nculo entre el beneficiario y ese familiar. La respuesta debe ser cà ³nyuge (Spouse, en inglà ©s) o hijo (Child, en inglà ©s). Pregunta 27 Fecha de nacimiento Pregunta 28 Paà ­s de nacimiento. Preguntas 29 a 44 El formulario I-130 da espacio para mà ¡s familiares del beneficiario que son cà ³nyuge o hijos. Asà ­, Person 2 (preguntas 29.a a 32), Person 3 (preguntas 33.a a 36), Person 4 (preguntas 37a a 40) y Person 5 (preguntas 41a a 44). Las preguntas son iguales a las formuladas en la sub-categorà ­a 1 y son, por este orden: apellidos o apellidos, nombre, segundo nombre, relacià ³n, fecha de nacimiento y paà ­s de nacimiento. Pà ¡gina 7 del formulario I-130 Seccià ³n Beneficiary's Entry Information. (Informacià ³n sobre el ingreso del beneficiario). Pregunta 45  ¿Ha estado el beneficiario alguna vez en Estados Unidos? Pregunta 46 Las preguntas bajo el nà ºmero 46 solo deben ser contestadas si el beneficiario, es decir, la persona para la que se pide la tarjeta de residencia, se encuentra en la actualidad en los Estados Unidos. Pregunta 46.a: debe seà ±alarse la clase de admisià ³n. Es decir, el tipo de visa que utilizà ³ para ingresar, por à ºltima vez, a EE.UU. Esta informacià ³n puede encontrarse en la visa o en el documento I-94, registro de entrada y de salida y que puede obtenerse digitalmente.Pregunta 46.b: nà ºmero de documento I-94, que puede consultarse, descargarse e imprimir directamente desde la pà ¡gina oficial de la CBP.Pregunta 46.c: fecha de llegada a EE.UU.Pregunta 46.d. fecha en la que la estancia autorizada expirà ³ o va a expirar. No es la fecha de expiracià ³n de la visa, sino la de estancia autorizada. Puede verificarse en el I-94. En el caso de estudiantes o extranjeros participantes en un programa de intercambio visa J, debe seà ±alarse la fecha de Duracià ³n de Estatus (D/S). Pregunta 47 Nà ºmero del pasaporte del beneficiario Pregunta 48 Travel Document Number. Esta pregunta solo aplica a las personas que no utilizaron su pasaporte para ingresar por à ºltima vez un puesto migratorio de EE.UU. Pueden ser las personas que ingresaron como refugiados o con un parole. Pregunta 49 Paà ­s que emitià ³ el pasaporte del beneficiario o el documento de viaje Pregunta 50 Fecha de expiracià ³n del pasaporte o del documento de viaje. Seccià ³n Beneficiary's Employment Information. (Informacià ³n sobre empleo del beneficiario). Pregunta 51 51.a. Empleador o empresa para la que trabaja el beneficiario. Si trabaja para sà ­ mismo, escribir SELF-EMPLOYED. Si està ¡ desempleado, anotar UNEMPLOYED y dejar el resto de las preguntas en blanco. Lo mismo si es estudiante, en cuyo caso escribir STUDENT, discapacitado (DISABLED) o està ¡ a cuidado del hogar (STAY-AT-HOME PARENT).51.b a 51.i se refieren a la direccià ³n de la empresa para la que trabaja el beneficiario. Si se està ¡ en EE.UU. trabajando ilegalmente, consultar con un abogado antes de enviar la planilla. Pregunta 52 Fecha en la que se comenzà ³ a trabajar en el empleo actual. Seccià ³n Addicional Information About Beneficiary. (Informacià ³n adicional sobre el beneficiario). Pregunta 53  ¿Ha estado alguna vez el beneficiario en un proceso migratorio? Esta pregunta se refiere a un procedimiento en corte migratoria. Debe marcarse la casilla correcta. Si la respuesta es Sà ­, es recomendable contactar con un abogado, particularmente cuando el resultado del proceso no fue favorable al beneficiario. Las preguntas siguientes –54, 55 y– 56, solo deben ser contestadas si se contestà ³ Sà ­ a la pregunta 53. Pregunta 54 Tipo de procedimiento migratorio del beneficiario. Marcar Removal cuando con posterioridad al abril de 1997 a la persona se le prohibià ³ la entrada en Estados Unidos y se la expulsà ³. Tambià ©n marcar la opcià ³n de removal en los casos de deportacià ³n exprà ©s, cuando un juez ordenà ³ una deportacià ³n o cuando cruzà ³ ilegalmente la frontera, fue agarrada y se la expulsà ³. Marcar Exclusion/deportation en los mismos casos seà ±alados en el pà ¡rrafo anterior sobre removal, pero cuando tuvieron lugar antes de abril de 1997. Marcar Rescission cuando se ha tenido una tarjeta de residencia y un juez de inmigracià ³n ordenà ³ su cancelacià ³n. Marcar Other Judicial Proceedings en todos los demà ¡s casos. Pregunta 55 55.a. Lugar en el que tuvo lugar el procedimiento en corte migratoria55.b. Estado Pregunta 56 La fecha Pà ¡gina 8 del formulario I-130 Preguntas 57 y 58 Ignorar las preguntas de 57.a a 58.f, ya que solo aplican a las personas nativas de alfabetos no latinos como, por ejemplo, chinos, à ¡rabes o rusos. Preguntas 59 y 60 Solo deben contestarse en el caso de un ciudadano o de un residente que està ¡ pidiendo a su cà ³nyuge con este I-130. Las preguntas hacen referencia al à ºltimo domicilio que el matrimonio comparte o ha compartido y a las fechas de inicio y fin de convivencia en dicha direccià ³n. Si el matrimonio nunca ha vivido bajo el mismo techo, contestar Never life together en la pregunta 59.a y dejar en blanco las siguientes. Pregunta 61 Contestar solo en el caso de que el beneficiario de la aplicacià ³n se encuentre en Estados Unidos y reà ºna los requisitos para el ajuste de estatus y asà ­ obtener la tarjeta de residencia. 61.a. Ciudad donde radica la oficina de USCIS en la que se va a solicitar el ajuste de estatus.62.b. El estado de dicha oficina. Pregunta 62 Solo si el beneficiario va a finalizar la tramitacià ³n de la tarjeta de residencia a travà ©s del procedimiento consular. 62.a. Ciudad del consulado o embajada62.b. Provincia62.c. Paà ­s Si se elige una oficina consular fuera del paà ­s de residencia habitual del beneficiario, el consulado puede negarse. Part 5. Other Information/Parte 5. Otra informacià ³n. En esta seccià ³n, las preguntas se refieren al peticionario, es decir, el ciudadano o residente que pide al familiar. Pregunta 1  ¿Ha patrocinado alguna vez a esta misma persona u a otra? Si la respuesta es negativa, pasar a la pregunta 6.a. Pregunta 2 Solo responder si se ha patrocinado previamente a esa misma persona o a otro familiar. 2.a. Apellido o apellidos de la persona patrocinada anteriormente2.b. Nombre2.c. Segundo nombre, si lo tiene Pregunta 3 3.a. Ciudad en la que se presentà ³ la peticià ³n3.b. Estado Pregunta 4 Fecha en la que se presentà ³ la peticià ³n Pregunta 5 Resultado de la peticià ³n, que puede ser: Pending, si todavà ­a no se ha resueltoWithdrawn, si el peticionario la retirà ³Approved, si fue aprobadaDenied, si fue rechazada Preguntas 6, 7, 8 y 9 Solo deben ser contestadas por el peticionario que, ademà ¡s, de esta peticià ³n, està ¡ presentando otras al mismo tiempo. Si no se presentan mà ¡s peticiones, saltar a la Parte 6, que se encuentra ya en la pà ¡gina siguiente del formulario. Sub-categorà ­a Relative 1 (familiar 1): 6.a. apellido o apellidos de ese otro familiar que se patrocina al mismo tiempo con otro I-130.6.b. nombre6.c. segundo nombre, si lo tiene.7: tipo de parentesco En la pregunta 7 especificar lazo familiar tipo, por ejemplo: Spouse, para cà ³nyugeChild, para hijoBrother para hermanoSister, para hermanaFather para padreMother, para madre Pà ¡gina 9 del formulario I-130 Mà ¡s espacio bajo el tà ­tulo de la sub-categorà ­a Relative 2 (Familiar 2) para el caso de que se presenten al mismo tiempo mà ¡s peticiones I-130. El objetivo de estas preguntas es que USCIS busque todas esas peticiones y las tramite simultà ¡neamente, si pertenecen a la misma categorà ­a. Cabe destacar que USCIS puede investigar si las relaciones familiares son reales. Si se descubre que un matrimonio es de conveniencia para obtener la tarjeta de residencia, los culpables pueden ser condenados un mà ¡ximo de cinco aà ±os de prisià ³n y/0 $250.000 de multa. Ademà ¡s, puede condenarse con multas de mà ¡ximo $10.000 y/o prisià ³n a cualquier persona que con conocimiento envà ­a documentacià ³n falsa a USCIS o que omita el envà ­o de la debida documentacià ³n. Por ejemplo, cuando se està ¡ ocultando un matrimonio. Part 6. Petitioner's Statement, Contact Information, Declaration, and Signature. (Juramento del peticionario, informacià ³n de contacto, declaracià ³n y firma). Preguntas 1 y 2 El peticionario debe firmar una de las tres siguientes opciones: 1.a. Si puede leer y entender inglà ©s y ha leà ­do y entendido todas las preguntas y las instrucciones de esta peticià ³n y ha entendido todas las respuestas que ha dado a las mismas. 1.b. Si un intà ©rprete, que debe ser identificado en Parte 7 y que debe firmar el I-130, ha traducido para el peticionario en un idioma que à ©ste puede entender todas las preguntas e instrucciones. En este caso, en la casilla debe escribirse el idioma al que el intà ©rprete ha traducido. Por ejemplo, SPANISH, si es espaà ±ol. 2.Si un preparador, que se identifica en Parte 8, ha preparado este formulario, basà ¡ndose en las respuestas que le ha proporcionado el peticionario. Seccià ³n Petitioner's Contact Information. (Informacià ³n de contacto del peticionario) Pregunta 3 Nà ºmero de telà ©fono de dà ­a del peticionario Pregunta 4 Nà ºmero de telà ©fono celular, si lo tiene Pregunta 5 Direccià ³n de correo electrà ³nico, si lo tiene Seccià ³n Petitioner's Declaration and Certification. (Declaracià ³n del peticionario y certificacià ³n) El peticionario asegura que todos los documentos que envà ­a junto al formulario I-130 son fotocopias fieles de originales sin alterar y que reconoce que USICS puede pedirle mà ¡s tarde que muestre los originales. Asimismo, el peticionario autoriza a que se recabe informacià ³n sobre lo declarado en este formulario, en los documentos de apoyo y en en los rà ©cords de USCIS u otras entidades con el fin de hacer cumplir las leyes migratorias. El peticionario tambià ©n declara que entiende que puede tener que dar sus datos biomà ©tricos y, si ese es el caso, firmarà ­a en ese momento un juramento de reafirmacià ³n declarando que: personalmente suministrà ³ y envià ³ o autorizà ³ el envà ­o de la informacià ³n que contiene esta peticià ³nque revisà ³ la peticià ³n y la entendià ³ en su totalidadque toda la informacià ³n en este formulario es verdadera, completa y correcta en el momento de presentar la solicitud. Ademà ¡s, el peticionario certifica, bajo pena de perjuro, que toda la informacià ³n de la peticià ³n y en la documentacià ³n de apoyo fueron suministradas o autorizadas por el propio peticionario y que ha revisado y entendido toda peticià ³n y que toda la informacià ³n en la misma es completa, verdadera y correcta. Seccià ³n Petitioner's Signature (Firma del peticionario) Pregunta 6 6.a. el peticionario debe firmar con tinta y a mano la peticià ³n6.b. fecha en la que se firma el I-130 Pà ¡gina 10 del formulario I-130 Seccià ³n Part.7 Interpreter's Contact Information, Certificacià ³n, and Signature (Informacià ³n de contacto de intà ©rprete, certificacià ³n y firma) Preguntas 1 a 6 Si se han utilizado los servicios de un intà ©rprete, dicha persona debe llenar las preguntas 1.a a 6. Ademà ¡s, debe especificar en la seccià ³n Interpreters Certification el idioma en la que tiene fluidez, ademà ¡s del ingles. Pregunta 7 7.a. firma del intà ©rprete7.b. fecha en la que firma Pà ¡ginas 10 y 11 del formulario I-130 Part 8. Contact Information, Declaration, and Signature of the Person Preparing this Petition, if Other Than the Petitioner Si se han utilizado los servicios de un abogado, una organizacià ³n sin fin de lucro, un representante acreditado, un notario pà ºblico o de otra persona para completar el formulario I-130, esa persona deberà ¡ llenar Parte 8, fecharla y firmarla. Pà ¡gina 12 del formulario I-130 Part 9. Additional Information (Informacià ³n adicional) Esta es la pà ¡gina 12 y à ºltima del I-130. Se utiliza para incluir informacià ³n adicional cuando al contestar una pregunta del formulario no fue suficiente el espacio proporcionado por la planilla. Si se necesitan mà ¡s hojas, fotocopiar esta pà ¡gina 12 tantas veces como sea necesario. Identificar las copias con el nombre del peticionario, con su Alien Registration Number, si lo tuviera, e indicar el nà ºmero de pà ¡gina (Page Number) del I-130, el nà ºmero de parte (Part Number) y el nà ºmero de la pregunta (Item Number) a la que se refiera la respuesta. Ademà ¡s, firmar y poner fecha a cada una de estas hojas adicionales. Asesorà ­a legal Es altamente recomendable emplear la ayuda de un abogado migratorio o de una organizacià ³n de apoyo a migrantes con excelente rà ©cord de ayuda legal. Este consejo es especialmente importante en los casos en los que el beneficiario haya sido deportado, està © como indocumentado en Estados Unidos o hayan existido problemas en el pasado como, por ejemplo, peticiones rechazadas. Formulario I-130 A la hora de enviar el formulario I-130, puede elegirse envà ­o ordinario por servicio de Correo o mensajerà ­a.Puede incluirse el formulario G-1145 para un seguimiento de la solicitudEl peticionario recibirà ¡ el aviso NOA1 entre una semana y dos despuà ©s del envà ­o. Contiene el nà ºmero de caso.Verificar que se envà ­a toda la documentacià ³n de apoyo que exigen las instrucciones del I-130.Si algà ºn documento està ¡ en un idioma distinto al inglà ©s, debe traducirse. Dicha traduccià ³n debe certificarse, pero no es necesario emplear los servicios de un traductor jurado. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.